Relação entre variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes estratificados por sexo / Relationship between anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents stratified by sex / Relación entre variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes estratificados por sexo

A aptidão física (ApF) pode estar associada à saúde, ao desempenho esportivo e refere-se a capacidade de apresentar um determinado desempenho motor quando submetido a situações que envolvam esforços físicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar as variáveis antropométricas e de aptidão física em crianças e adolescentes da cidade de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Foram avaliados 1720 escolares da rede municipal de Pelotas/RS, sendo 896 crianças (idade = 9,91 ± 1,21 anos) e 824 adolescentes (idade = 13,11 ± 1,04 anos), através de uma bateria de avaliações das medidas antropométricas (estatura [EST], massa corporal [MC], envergadura [ENV], índice de massa corporal [IMC]) e de testes físicos (flexibilidade [FLEX], potência de membros superiores [PMS], potência de membros inferiores [PMI], velocidade com troca de direção [VTD], velocidade linear [VL], resistência muscular localizada [RML] e capacidade cardiorrespiratória [CC]). O estudo de caráter de diagnóstico com cunho observacional utilizou o teste de correlação através do r de Pearson e classificou-as como muito fraca (0-0,19), fraca (0,2-0,39), moderada (0,4-0,69), forte (0,7-0,89) e muito forte (0,9-1). Destacou-se que no sexo feminino houve correlação moderada com IMC e PMS, as variáveis antropométricas EST, ENV e MC apresentaram pelo menos uma correlação com as variáveis de ApF, enquanto que estas variáveis demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMS, VL e VTD. Já no sexo masculino foi observada correlação moderada entre IMC e CC, além de correlações fracas e moderadas entre EST, ENV e MC com pelo menos uma das variáveis de ApF, enquanto as variáveis de ApF demonstraram correlações moderadas entre PMI, VL e VTD. Portanto, ressalta-se a importância do diagnóstico destas variáveis para controle dos fatores de risco à saúde bem como para identificar potenciais relacionados ao desempenho esportivo.

Physical fitness (PhF) can be associated with health, sports performance and refers to the ability to present a certain motor performance when submitted to situations involving physical efforts. The aim of this study was to relate anthropometric and physical fitness variables in children and adolescents from the city of Pelotas/RS, stratified by sex. A total of 1720 schoolchildren from the municipal schools of Pelotas/RS were evaluated, 896 children (age = 9.91 ± 1.21 years) and 824 adolescents (age = 13.11 ± 1.04 years), through a battery of the anthropometric measurements (height [HT], body mass [BM], wingspan [WP], body mass index [BMI]) and physical tests (flexibility [FLEX], upper limb power [ULP], lower limb power [LLP], change of direction speed [CODS], linear speed [LS], localized muscular endurance [LME] and cardiorespiratory capacity [CC]). The study of a diagnostic character with an observational nature used the correlation test through Pearson's r and classified them as very small (0-0.19), small (0.2- 0.39), moderate (0.4- 0.69), large (0.7-0.89) and very large (0.9-1). It was highlighted that in females there was moderate correlation with BMI and ULP, the anthropometric variables HT, WP and BM showed at least one correlation with the PhF variables, while these variables showed moderate correlations between ULP, LS and CODS. In males, a moderate correlation was observed between BMI and CC, in addition to small and moderate correlations between HT, WP and BM with at least one of the PhF variables, while the PhF variables showed moderate correlations between LLP, LS and CODS. Therefore, it emphasizes the importance of diagnosing these variables to control health risk factors as well as to identify potentials related to sports performance.

La aptitud física (AF) puede estar asociada a la salud, al rendimiento deportivo y se refiere a la capacidad de presentar un determinado desempeño motor cuando sometido a situaciones que impliquen esfuerzos físicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar variables antropométricas y de aptitud física en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Pelotas/RS, estratificados por sexo. Fueron evaluados 1720 escolares de las escuelas municipales de Pelotas/RS, 896 niños (edad = 9,91 ± 1,21 años) y 824 adolescentes (edad = 13,11 ± 1. 04 años), a través de una batería de medidas antropométricas (altura [HT], masa corporal [BM], envergadura [WP], índice de masa corporal [IMC]) y pruebas físicas (flexibilidad [FLEX], potencia de miembros superiores [ULP], potencia de miembros inferiores [LLP], velocidad de cambio de dirección [CODS], velocidad lineal [LS], resistencia muscular localizada [LME] y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria [CC]). El estudio, de carácter diagnóstico y observacional, utilizó la prueba de correlación mediante la r de Pearson y las clasificó en muy pequeñas (0-0,19), pequeñas (0,2-0,39), moderadas (0,4- 0,69), grandes (0,7-0,89) y muy grandes (0,9-1). Se destacó que en las hembras hubo una correlación moderada con el IMC y el ULP, las variables antropométricas HT, WP y BM mostraron al menos una correlación con las variables PhF, mientras que estas variables mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre ULP, LS y CODS. En los varones, se observó una correlación moderada entre IMC y CC, además de correlaciones pequeñas y moderadas entre HT, WP y BM con al menos una de las variables PhF, mientras que las variables PhF mostraron correlaciones moderadas entre LLP, LS y CODS. Por lo tanto, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico de estas variables para controlar los factores de riesgo para la salud, así como para identificar potenciales relacionados con el rendimiento deportivo.

Respuesta fisiológica al test de lanzadera en pacientes candidatos a cirugía bariátrica / Physiologic response to the incremental shuttle walk test in candidates to undergo bariatric surgery / Resposta fisiológica ao teste incremental de caminhada em candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica

Objetivos: la valoración de la tolerancia al ejercicio es clave para prescribir ejercicio en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. El test de lanzadera (TL) se ha propuesto para este objetivo. Sin embargo, la evidencia que describe el rendimiento y respuesta fisiológica asociados a esta prueba en dicha población es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la respuesta fisiológica a la realización del TL en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. Métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó a 56 participantes. Se midieron factores antropométricos como la edad, peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura, así como el nivel de actividad física espontáneo. Se valoró el rendimiento en el TL en metros, la respuesta fisiológica asociada en términos de frecuencia cardiaca de reserva (FCR) utilizada, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, oximetría de pulso, sensación subjetiva al esfuerzo (SSE) y de fatiga de extremidades inferiores, antes y después del TL. Resultados: todos los participantes completaron la prueba sin complicaciones. Caminaron una mediana de 465 metros, equivalente al 61% de la distancia esperada. Utilizaron un 56% de la FCR, mientras que la SSE y fatiga de extremidades inferiores alcanzó valores 7/10 y 6/10 respectivamente. Fueron observadas asociaciones significativas entre el rendimiento en el TL vs factores antropométricos e indicadores de respuesta fisiológica. Conclusión: el TL es una prueba segura para valorar la tolerancia al esfuerzo en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica, la cual induce respuestas fisiológicas asociadas a intensidades moderadas. Se sugiere incluir esta prueba para la valoración de la condición física de estos sujetos.

Objective: Exercise tolerance measurement is key for exercise prescription in bariatric surgery candidates. Thus, the incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT) has been proposed as a useful tool for this purpose. However, reports describing the performance, and related physiological response, in candidates to bariatric surgery are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the physiological response of bariatric surgery candidates to the ISWT. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 56 participants. Anthropometric factors such as age, weight, height, and waist circumference were measured, as well as their spontaneous physical activity levels. Their ISWT performance was recorded, as well as the percentage of heart rate reserve used during the test, systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse oximetry, perceived exertion scale, and lower extremities fatigue, both before and after the ISWT. Results: All participants completed the test without complications. They walked a median of 465 meters, 61% of the expected distance. Heart rate reserve utilization reached 56%, while the perceived exertion rate and lower extremities fatigue reached 7/10 and 6/10, respectively. Moreover, significant associations between the ISWT performance vs anthropometric factors and physiological response outcomes were found. Conclusion: The ISWT is a safe and useful tool to assess exercise tolerance in bariatric surgery candidates, which induces physiological responses associated to moderate effort intensities. We suggest including the ISWT when assessing the physical performance of bariatric surgery candidates.

Objetivo: A medida da tolerância ao exercício é fundamental para a prescrição do exercício em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Assim, o teste incremental de caminhada em vaivém (ISWT) tem sido proposto como uma ferramenta útil para este fim. No entanto, são escassos os relatos que descrevem o desempenho e a resposta fisiológica relacionada em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi describir a resposta fisiológica do ISWT em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 56 participantes. Fatores antropométricos como idade, peso, altura, circunferência da cintura foram medidos, assim como os níveis de atividade física espontânea. O desempenho do ISWT foi registrado, assim como a porcentagem de reserva de frequência cardíaca utilizada durante o teste, pressão sistólica e diastólica, oximetria de pulso, escala de esforço percebido e fadiga de membros inferiores, tanto antes quanto após o ISWT. Resultados: Todos os participantes completaram o teste sem intercorrências. Eles caminharam uma mediana de 465 metros, o equivalente a 61% da distância esperada. A utilização de reserva de frequência cardíaca atingiu 56%, enquanto a taxa de esforço percebido e fadiga de membros inferiores atingiram 7/10 e 6/10, respectivamente. Além disso, foram encontradas associações significativas entre o desempenho do ISWT versus fatores antropométricos e os resultados da resposta fisiológica. Conclusão: O ISWT é uma ferramenta segura e útil para avaliar a tolerância ao exercício em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, que induz respostas fisiológicas associadas a intensidades moderadas de esforço. Sugerimos incluir o ISWT para avaliar o desempenho físico dos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica.

Percepción del esfuerzo y niveles objetivos de intensidad en clases de Educación Física de escolares de primaria según sexo y estado nutricional: Estudio piloto / Perception of Effort and Objective Levels of Intensity in Physical Education Classes of Primary Schoolchildren According to Gender and Nutritional Status: A Pilot Study

Resumen El presente estudio aborda el análisis del esfuerzo percibido y tiempo en actividades de intensidad moderada y vigorosa en clases de Educación Física, considerando las diferencias según sexo y el estado nutricional de la persona estudiante. Participaron 95 estudiantes de 5° y 6° año de primaria de escuelas de la ciudad de Coyhaique, Chile. Se utilizó la escala EPInfant para la evaluación del esfuerzo percibido y acelerómetros Actigraph GT3X+ para determinar el tiempo en intensidad moderada y vigorosa. En el esfuerzo percibido no se encontraron diferencias significativas según sexo (p=0,144), pero sí según estado nutricional, siendo los estudiantes con obesidad quienes indican una percepción de esfuerzo mayor que el estudiantado de peso normal (p=0,022). En actividades moderadas y vigorosas dentro de la clase de Educación Física, los niños presentan significativamente más minutos en comparación a las niñas (p=0,017); mientras que los escolares normopeso presentarían levemente mayor tiempo en este nivel de intensidad, sin que esta diferencia sea estadísticamente significativa (p=0,622). El esfuerzo realizado en las clases de Educación Física ha sido percibido como más exigente por los escolares con obesidad, y para esto se deben comprender las dificultades físicas y motrices que este grupo presenta. Asimismo, las niñas han participado un menor tiempo en intensidades moderadas y vigorosas, por lo que es pertinente buscar estrategias que permitan aumentar el tiempo de su participación.

Abstract This study focuses on the analysis of perceived effort and time of moderate and vigorous activities in physical education classes, considering differences based on gender and the nutritional status of schoolchildren. A total of 95 children in 5th and 6th grade of primary school in the city of Coyhaique, Chile, participated in the study. The EPInfant scale was used to assess the perceived effort, and Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to determine the time of moderate and vigorous activity. No significant differences were found in the perceived effort by gender (p=0.144); instead, by nutritional status, obese students indicated a higher perceived effort than students with a normal weight (p=0.220). Regarding moderate and vigorous activities in Physical Education class, the boys were significantly more active than the girls (p=0.017). In contrast, normal-weight children were slightly more active at this intensity level, but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.622). The effort in Physical Education classes has been perceived as more demanding by the obese students; for this reason, it is important to understand the physical and motor difficulties that this group presents. Likewise, girls have participated for a shorter time in moderate and vigorous intensities, being pertinent to look for didactic strategies to increase the time of their participation.

Resumo O presente estudo aborda a análise do esforço e do tempo percebido em atividades de intensidade moderada e vigorosa nas aulas de educação física, considerando as diferenças de acordo com o sexo e o estado nutricional de cada estudante. Participaram do estudo noventa e cinco alunos do 5º e 6º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas da cidade de Coyhaique, no Chile. A escala EPInfant foi utilizada para avaliar o esforço percebido e os acelerômetros Actigraph GT3X+ para determinar o tempo em intensidade moderada e vigorosa. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na percepção de esforço segundo o sexo (p=0,144), mas foram encontradas diferenças significativas segundo o estado nutricional, com estudantes obesos indicando uma percepção de maior esforço do que estudantes de peso normal (p=0,022). Nas atividades moderadas e vigorosas nas aulas de Educação Física, os meninos apresentam significativamente mais minutos que as meninas (p=0,017), enquanto os estudantes de peso normal apresentaram um pouco mais de tempo nesse nível de intensidade, embora essa diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (p=0,622). O esforço feito nas aulas de educação física foi percebido como mais exigente por estudantes obesos, e para isso é necessário compreender as dificuldades físicas e motoras que este grupo apresenta. Da mesma forma, as meninas têm participado por um tempo mais curto em intensidades moderadas e vigorosas, por isso é pertinente procurar estratégias para aumentar o tempo da sua participação.

Estimated energy expenditure and training intensity in young female artistic gymnasts

Abstract Aim: This study determined the energy expenditure and effort intensity of athletes during women's artistic gymnastics training sessions. Methods: Ten gymnasts (age 10.9 ± 1.7 years) performed a test to estimate the maximum rate of oxygen uptake (VO2max), during which the maximum heart rate (HRmax) was also obtained. The heart rate (HR) of these gymnasts was recorded during five training sessions and then used to estimate the exercise intensity and energy expenditure. Results: Mean duration of training sessions was 4.08 ± 0.42 h, with mean HR corresponding to 137 ± 8 bpm or 69.0 ± 3.5% of HRmax. Gymnasts spent less training time at 90-100% HRmax compared to the other HR ranges (p < 0.05). Time spent at 60-70% and 70-80% was higher compared to 80-90% HRmax (p = 0.012 and p = 0.001, respectively). The training impulse was 239.2 ± 35.4 AU. Estimated energy expenditure was 768.3 ± 168.5 kcal, metabolic rate was 3.1 ± 0.6 kcal/min, and the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) corresponded to 6.1 ± 0.6. Conclusion: Young gymnasts performed prolonged and moderate-intensity training sessions that generated high energetic demands. This information is beneficial to gymnasts since the coaching team can use the data to control the training load and prescribe a proper diet.

Influence of the use of compression stockings on physiological, perceptual, and affective responses during running in recreational runners / Influência do uso de meias de compressão nas respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corridas em corridores recreacionais

Este estudo objetivou comparar a influência do uso de polainas de compressão nas respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corrida em corredores recreacionais. Dez corredores recreacionais (31,5 ± 9,7 anos) participaram deste estudo. Todos os sujeitos completaram três visitas ao laboratório: (a) familiarização e teste incremental até a exaustão (b) duas sessões de exercícios realizadas em dias diferentes. Cada sessão envolveu o mesmo protocolo de exercícios (20 minutos continuamente a uma intensidade de 80% da velocidade máxima da esteira a lcançada no teste incremental até a exaustão), com ou sem o uso de meias de compressão. A Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Feeling Scale (FS), percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) foram registradas durante cada sessão experimental. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças entre as condições fisiológicas (% VO2máx: 88,1 ± 8,3 vs 87,1 ± 11,32; % HR: 91,8 ± 2,8 vs 90,8 ± 3,2), e as respostas perceptuais (PSE: 6,4 ± 1,2 vs 6,2 ± 1,4) e afetivas (FS: 0,35 ± 2,4 vs 0,37 ± 2,3; FAS: 4,3 ± 0,7 vs 4,3 ± 1,1) durante cada sessão de exercício. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o uso de polainas de compressão não promove benefícios fisiológicos, perceptuais e afetivas durante a corrida em corredores recreacionais.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the influence of wearing compression stockings on physiological, perceptual, and affective respon ses during running in recreational runners. Ten recreational runners (31.5 ± 9.7 years) participated in this study. All subjects completed three visits to the lab: (a) familiarization and incremental test until exhaustion (b) two exercise sessions conducted on different days. Each session involved the same exercise protocol (20 min continuously at an intensity of 80% of the maximum treadmill speed achieved in the incremental test until exhaustion), with or without the use of compression stockings. The Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Feeling Scale (FS), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart rate (HR) were recorded during each experimental session. Results showed no differ ences between the conditions of physiological (% VO2máx: 88.1 ± 8.3 vs 87.1 ± 11.32; % HR: 91.8 ± 2.8 vs 90.8 ± 3.2), perceptual (RPE: 6.4 ± 1.2 vs 6.2 ± 1.4) and affective (FS: 0.35 ± 2.4 vs 0.37 ± 2.3; FAS: 4.3 ± 0.7 vs 4.3 ± 1.1) responses during each exercise sessio n. The results of the present study suggest that wearing of compression stockings does not promote physiological, perceptual, and affective benefits during running of recreational runners.(AU)

Football society players over the age of 55: how stressful can a match be?

This study aimed atassessingthe physical activitylevel, heart rate and the salivary cortisol level of football society players.The sample consisted of 19 male mastersfootballplayerswith an average age of 56.7±3.9 years. The long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)andPolar®heart rate monitors were usedas instruments, in additionto Salivette® tubes to measure salivary cortisol. Data analysis was performed by using the repeated measuresAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoctest,and Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the salivary cortisol concentration indicated an index of 1.97 ng/ml at the beginning of the match;40 minutes after that thesevalues increased to 8.00 ng/ml,and 60 minutesafter the match had started they reached 8.40 ng/ml. Considering the post-match moment, a moderate and positive correlation between the salivary cortisol concentration and heart rate (averageand maximum) wasseen. In conclusion,the physical effort expended during football Society practice needs to be monitored due to the high heart rate and high increase in the salivary cortisol concentrationofthis age group.

Alterações cardiorrespiratórias em indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos pós-acidente vascular cerebral / Cardiorespiratory changes in chronic post-stroke hemiparetic patients

Objetivo: Analisar a função cardiorrespiratória em pacientes he- miparéticos crônicos pós-acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, por meio da análise de dados de prontuários de pacientes submetidos ao teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e manovacuometria em uma clínica de fisioterapia de um centro universitário. Foram analisados os dados de sete prontuários. Re- sultados: A média de metros percorridos pelos participantes no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi de 199,5. Os valores percentuais da manovacuometria foram de -41,34 na pressão inspiratória máxima e de 57,85 na pressão expiratória máxima. Conclusão: Os dados desta pesquisa sugerem que indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos apresentam fadiga respiratória e muscular, diminuição da capacidade funcional durante a marcha e fraqueza dos músculos respiratórios.

Objective: To analyze the cardiorespiratory function in chronic post-stroke hemiparetic patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study, through data analysis of medical records from patients who underwent the 6-minute walk test and manovacuometry, in a physical therapy clinic of a university center. Results: The mean number of meters walked by participants in the 6-minut walk test was 199.5 meters. The percentage values of manovacuometry were -41,34 in the maximun inspiratory pressure and 57.85 in the maximun expiratory pressure. Conclusion: The data from this survey suggest that chronic hemiparetic individuals have respiratory and muscle fatigue, decreased functional capacity during gait, and respiratory muscle weakness.

Skin temperature of middle distance runners after a maximum effort test

The purposeof this study was to analyze skin temperature(Tsk)responses after a short-term maximum effort test in middle-distance runners.Aquasi-experimental study was conducted with ten men (age 23.5±5.10 years)who trained 5 days per week, 2 to 3 hours per day,and were submitted to thermographic evaluationbefore and after Cooper's 12-minute run test (CRT). The mean temperature of the anterior-superior,posterior-superior,anterior-inferior,and posterior-inferiorregionswas compared between the sides(i.e., left and right)before and after CRT.The paired t-testshowed asignificantdecrease in Tskafter CRT in thefollowingregions:right pectoralis major (-3.4%), left pectoralis major (-3.4%),and abdomen (-5%) in the anterior-superior view (p<0.01); and in the upper right trunk (-1.9%),upper lefttrunk(-1.9%) and lower back (-2.9%) in the posterior-superior view (p<0.05). In the lower limbs,asignificantincreaseintemperature of the left knee (1.6%),and right (3.6%) and left ankles (2.9%) in the anteriorview (p<0.05),as well as in theright (4.3%) and left ankles (3.7%) in the posteriorview (p<0.05)wereobserved. There was no difference in temperature between the right and left sides. In conclusion, the Tskchange of middle-distance runners wassymmetricalbetween sides,decreasing in upper limbs and trunk and increasing in lower limbs after a short-term maximum effort test.

The beneficial effects of a water-based aerobic exercise session on the blood lipids of women with dyslipidemia are independent of their training status

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the acute effects of a session of water-based aerobic exercise on the blood lipid levels of women with dyslipidemia and to compare these results according to their training status. METHOD: Fourteen premenopausal women with dyslipidemia, aged 40-50 years, participated in two water-based aerobic exercise sessions, the first when they were generally sedentary and the second after they were trained with a water-based aerobic training program for 12 weeks. Both experimental sessions were performed using the same protocol, lasted 45 min, and incorporated an interval method, alternating 3 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 2 min at an RPE of 9. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) were obtained through venous blood collection before and immediately after each session. A generalized estimating equation method and Bonferroni tests were conducted (with time and training status as factors) for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At enrollment, the mean age of the participants was 46.57 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.81−48.34). The statistical analyses showed a significant time effect for all variables (TC: p=0.008; TG: p=0.012; HDL: p<0.001; LPL: p<0.001) except for LDL (p=0.307). However, the training status effect was not significant for any variable (TC: p=0.527; TG: p=0.899; HDL: p=0.938; LDL: p=0.522; LPL: p=0.737). These results indicate that the TC and TG levels reduced and the HDL and LPL concentrations increased from pre- to post-session in similar magnitudes in both sedentary and trained women. CONCLUSIONS: A single water-based aerobic exercise session is sufficient and effective to beneficially modify the lipid profile of women with dyslipidemia, regardless of their training status.

Evaluación de la escala EPInfant para la auto-regulación perceptual de la intensidad del ejercicio en niños sanos / Assessment of EPInfant scale for exercise intensity perceptual self-regulation in healthy children

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escala EPInfant ha sido validada para la estimación perceptual del esfuerzo físico en niños chile nos, pero se desconoce su utilidad para la autorregulación de la intensidad del ejercicio. OBJETIVO: evaluar la validez de criterio de la escala EPInfant para regular y reproducir la intensidad de ejercicio en una muestra de niños sanos. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se seleccionaron 15 niños entre 8 y 12 años, en quienes se realizó un test de carga incremental (TCI) y tres pruebas de regulación perceptual (PRP) en trotadora. Las pruebas se realizaron con un intervalo de 48 horas entre ellas. En la PRP, la carga de trabajo se ajustó perceptualmente durante 5 minutos, considerando aleatoriamente los niveles 3, 6 y 9 de la escala EPInfant. Se consideró el promedio de la FC durante la PRP como la intensidad reproducida perceptualmente. Se empleó análisis de varianza, regresión lineal simple y análisis de confiabilidad para determinar la reproducibilidad de la FC durante la PRP. RESULTADOS: Existió diferencia significativa en la FC entre los niveles perceptivos durante la PRP (p < 0,001). Adicional mente, se observó correlación entre la FC durante el TCI y la PRP (r = 0,83; r2 = 0,69). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue de 0,76, 0,83 y 0,93 en los niveles perceptivos 3, 6 y 9; y la discordancia media entre la FC durante el TCI y la PRP fue de -2,4 lat/min. CONCLUSIÓN: En la muestra estudiada, la escala EPInfant fue válida para permitir la regulación y reproducción perceptual de la intensidad del ejercicio en trotadora.

INTRODUCTION: The EPInfant scale has been validated for the perceptual estimation of physical exer tion in Chilean children, but its usefulness for self-regulation of exercise intensity is unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate the criterion validity of the EPInfant scale to regulate and re produce exercise intensity in a sample of healthy children. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 15 children between the ages of eight and 12 were selected for an incremental exercise test (IET) and three perceptually regulated exercise tests (PRET) on a treadmill. The tests were performed with a 48-hour interval between them. In the PRET, the exercise load was adjusted perceptually for five minutes, randomly considering levels 3, 6, and 9 of the EPInfant scale. The average heart rate (HR) during PRET was considered as the perceptually reproduced intensity. Variance analysis, simple linear regression, and reliability analysis were used to determine the reproducibility of HR during PRET. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in HR between perceptual levels during PRET (p < 0.001). Additionally, a correlation was observed between HR during the IET and the PRET (r = 0.83, r2 = 0.69). The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.76, 0.83. and 0.93 at perceptual levels 3, 6, and 9; and the mean dis cordance between HR during the IET and the PRET was -2.4 beats/min. CONCLUSION: In the studied sample, the EPInfant scale was valid to allow the perceptual regulation and reproduction of exercise intensity in a treadmill.

Effects of exercise on cations/anions in blood serum of English Thoroughbred horses / Efeito do exercício sobre cátions/ânions em soro sanguíneo de equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês

English Thoroughbred horses, are widespread in Mexico and due to the lack of data on their exercise physiology, it is important to conduct exercise tests in order to obtain information the effects of exercise on more essential cations/anions in blood serum, as these horses are submitted to constant efforts. The study was carried out with 150 blood samples of English Thoroughbred horses clinically healthy. The blood sample collection was performed during three periods: 1) rest, 2) 30min after exercise (speed race of 12km/h for 30min with no rest) and 3) 60min after exercise. Mean values were calculated for cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate). The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between ions were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between groups. The concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. The comparison between groups, revealed that during exercise, sodium ion did not show changes 30min after exercise and increase 60min after. Potassium ion showed increase 30min after exercise and decrease 60min after. Chloride ion showed a decrease 30min after exercise, to recover gradually 60min after. Meanwhile, bicarbonate ion showed increase 30min after exercise, decreasing slightly in the final stage. Negative correlation between bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were determined. It was concluded that exercise tests are useful for the determination of acid-base balance and osmotic balance, and their main role is to evaluate the athletic ability of horses.Considering that chloride ion excretion and metabolic adjustments of potassium ion and bicarbonate ion are superior to water loss, compared to the normal osmolarity of blood serum. The results found can be used to structure an adequate replacement program of electrolytes lost in sweat.(AU)

Equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês são difundidos no México e, devido à falta de dados sobre sua fisiologia do exercício, é importante fazer testes de exercício para obter informações sobre os efeitos do exercício em cátions/ânions mais essenciais no soro do sangue, pois esses equinos são submetidos a esforços constantes. O estudo foi realizado com 150 amostras de sangue de equinos Puro-Sangue-Inglês, clinicamente saudáveis. A coleta de sangue foi realizada em três períodos: 1) descanso, 2) 30min após o exercício (corrida de velocidade de 12km/h por 30min, sem descanso) e 3) 60min após o exercício. Os valores médios foram calculados para cátions (sódio e potássio) e ânions (cloreto e bicarbonato). O conjunto de dados resultante foi analisado utilizando-se distribuição gaussiana e estatística descritiva. Intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estabelecidos. As relações lineares entre os íons foram quantificadas, e uma análise de variância foi realizada para se compararem os valores médios entre grupos. As concentrações dos analitos descritos são consistentes com os valores relatados na literatura internacional. A comparação entre os grupos revelou que, durante o exercício, o sódio íon não mostrou alterações 30min após o exercício e aumentou 60min após. O potássio íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício e diminuiu 60min após. O cloreto íon mostrou uma diminuição 30min após o exercício, para recuperar gradualmente 60min depois. O bicarbonato íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício, diminuindo ligeiramente no estágio final. Correlação negativa entre bicarbonato íon e cloreto íon foi encontrada. Concluiu-se que os testes de exercício são úteis para a determinação do equilíbrio ácido-base e do equilíbrio osmótico, e seu principal papel é avaliar a capacidade atlética dos equinos. Considerando-se que a excreção de cloro íon e ajustes metabólicos de potássio íon e bicarbonato íon são superiores à perda de água, comparada à osmolaridade normal do soro sanguíneo,os resultados encontrados podem ser usados para estruturar um programa adequado de reposição de eletrólitos perdidos no suor.(AU)

Differences between genders in anaerobic capacity during a supramaximal effort

Aim: The present study aimed to verify if there is a difference between genders in anaerobic capacity estimated by energetic equivalents of glycolytic and phosphagen pathways (AC[La-]+EPOCfast). Methods: In this way, 8 men and 8 women (physical education students) were subjected to the following sequence of tests: session 1) graded exercise test to measure the maximal oxygen consumption (VÖ½ O2max) and intensity associated with VÖ½ O2max (iVÖ½ O2max); sessions 2 to 3) familiarization with supramaximal effort at 115% of iVÖ½ O2max; session 4) supramaximal effort at 115% of iVÖ½ O2max to measure AC[La-]+EPOCfast. Results: The AC[La-]+EPOCfast was lower in women compared to men when expressed in absolute and relative values (-38.11%; p=0.01 and -25.71%; p=0.03, respectively). A non-significant difference was observed in performance in the supramaximal effort (-12.08%; p=0.15), besides which, a likely negative inference was observed when comparing women to men. In addition, energetic equivalents of the glycolytic pathway (e[La- ]) were also lower in women when expressed in relative and absolute values (-47.01%; p=0.001 and -36.71%; p=0.001, respectively), however no statistical difference was found for energetic equivalents of the phosphagen pathway (ePCr) (p>0.05). Conclusion: The AC[La-]+EPOCfast is lower in women compared to men, mainly due to differences in the glycolytic pathway.(AU)

Impact of adherence to long-term oxygen therapy on patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia followed for one year / Impacto da adesão à oxigenoterapia de longa duração em pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço acompanhados durante um ano

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact of adherence to long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) on quality of life, dyspnea, and exercise capacity in patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia followed for one year. Methods: Patients experiencing severe hypoxemia during a six-minute walk test (6MWT) performed while breathing room air but not at rest were included in the study. At baseline and after one year of follow-up, all patients were assessed for comorbidities, body composition, SpO2, and dyspnea, as well as for anxiety and depression, having also undergone spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, and the 6MWT with supplemental oxygen. The Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used in order to assess quality of life, and the Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) index was calculated. The frequency of exacerbations and the mortality rate were noted. Treatment nonadherence was defined as LTOT use for < 12 h per day or no LTOT use during exercise. Results: A total of 60 patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia were included in the study. Of those, 10 died and 11 experienced severe hypoxemia during follow-up, 39 patients therefore being included in the final analysis. Of those, only 18 (46.1%) were adherent to LTOT, showing better SGRQ scores, higher SpO2 values, and lower PaCO2 values than did nonadherent patients. In all patients, SaO2, the six-minute walk distance, and the BODE index worsened after one year. There were no differences between the proportions of adherence to LTOT at 3 and 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Quality of life appears to be lower in patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia who do not adhere to LTOT than in those who do. In addition, LTOT appears to have a beneficial effect on COPD symptoms (as assessed by SGRQ scores). (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials - ReBEC; identification number RBR-9b4v63 [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br])

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o impacto da adesão à oxigenoterapia de longa duração (OLD) na qualidade de vida, dispneia e capacidade de exercício em pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço acompanhados durante um ano. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que apresentaram hipoxemia grave durante um teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) realizado enquanto respiravam ar ambiente, mas não em repouso. No início e após um ano de acompanhamento, todos os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a comorbidades, composição corporal, SpO2 e dispneia, bem como quanto a ansiedade e depressão, além de terem sido submetidos a espirometria, gasometria arterial e TC6 com oxigênio suplementar. O Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) foi usado para avaliar a qualidade de vida, e o índice Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE; índice de massa corporal, obstrução do fluxo aéreo, dispneia e capacidade de exercício) foi calculado. A frequência de exacerbações e a taxa de mortalidade foram registradas. Usar OLD durante < 12 h por dia ou não usar OLD durante o exercício caracterizaram não adesão ao tratamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 60 pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço. Destes, 10 morreram e 11 apresentaram hipoxemia grave durante o acompanhamento; portanto, foram incluídos na análise final 39 pacientes. Destes, apenas 18 (46,1%) aderiram à OLD, apresentando melhor pontuação no SGRQ, maior SpO2 e menor PaCO2 do que os pacientes que não aderiram à OLD. Em todos os pacientes, a SaO2, a distância percorrida no TC6 e o índice BODE pioraram após um ano. Não houve diferenças entre as proporções de adesão à OLD aos 3 e 12 meses de acompanhamento. Conclusões: A qualidade de vida parece ser menor em pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço que não aderem à OLD do que naqueles que o fazem. Além disso, a OLD parece ter efeito benéfico nos sintomas da DPOC (avaliados pela pontuação obtida no SGRQ). (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC; número de identificação RBR- 9b4v63 [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br])

Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on fat oxidation and energy expenditure after a high-intensity exercise

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) availability potentiates fat oxidation after an exhaustive high-intensity exercise bout. Eight physically active men underwent a high-intensity exercise (∼95% V̇O2max) until exhaustion under low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The protocol to manipulate pre-exercise CHO availability consisted of a 90-min cycling bout at ∼70% V̇O2max + 6 × 1-min at 125% V̇O2max with 1-min rest, followed by 48 h under a low- (10% CHO, low-CHO availability) or high-CHO diet (80% CHO, high-CHO availability). Time to exhaustion was shorter and energy expenditure (EE) lower during the high-intensity exercise in low- compared to high-CHO availability (8.6±0.8 and 11.4±1.6 min, and 499±209 and 677±343 kJ, respectively, P<0.05). Post-exercise EE was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (425±147 and 348±54 kJ, respectively, P>0.05), but post-exercise fat oxidation was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low- (7,830±1,864 mg) than in high-CHO availability (6,264±1,763 mg). The total EE (i.e., exercise EE plus post-exercise EE) was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (924±264 and 1,026±340 kJ, respectively, P>0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of high-intensity exercise performed under low-CHO availability increased post-exercise fat oxidation, and even with shorter exercise duration, both post-exercise EE and total EE were not impaired.

Monitoring training load in beach volleyball players: a case study with an Olympic team

AIM: Describe and compare training load dynamics of two Olympic beach volleyball players. METHODS Two Olympic beach volleyball players participated in this study (specialist defender and blocker: both aged 34 years, holding 14 years of competitive experience, height: 1.74 m and 1.81 m, weight: 69 kg and 65 kg, respectively). Internal training load (ITL), total weekly training load (TWTL), monotony and strain were obtained through the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for three training mesocycles (10 weeks). Lower limb explosive power was assessed through the counter movement jump (CMJ). RESULTS: Mean ITL, TWTL, monotony and strain during the 10-week period were: 370 ± 156; 1997 ± 838; 2.7 ± 1.3; 5621 ± 1802 arbitrary units (Defender) and 414 ± 153; 2392 ± 892; 2.7 ± 1.1; 6894 ± 3747 (Blocker). Mean of CMJ height was 47.0 ± 1.3 and 40.3 ± 1.6 cm, for the defender and blocker, respectively. The defender player presented higher ITL in the second (effect size (ES) = 0.90; 92/5/3, likely) and in the third (ES = 0.91; 94/4/2, likely) mesocycles when compared to the first. Monotony raised from the first to the third mesocycle (ES = 2.91; 98/1/1, very likely). Blocker's ITL was higher in the third mesocycle than the first (ES = 1.42. 98/1/1, very likely) and the second (ES = 1.49; 98/1/1, likely) ones. CONCLUSION: ITL magnitude increased from the first to the third mesocycle, in both players.(AU)

Description of training loads using whole-body exercise during high-intensity interval training

OBJECTIVES: To describe external training load and internal training load through sets of a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) body work. METHODS: Twenty male individuals (24±3 years) performed a HIIT body work protocol consisting of a single bout of exercise with 1:1 stimuli. The exercises used were 30 min in duration with "all-out" intensity. The exercises included jumping jacks, mountain climbers, burpees and squat jumps, totaling 20 min of exercise. During exercise, total movement capacity, blood lactate measurement, ratings of perceived exertion and recovery, training load and intensity were monitored. RESULTS: The single bout examined showed a total of 382±89 movements. Differences (p<0.01) in the total amount of movement for each exercise were noted, reflecting the difficulty of maintaining exercise over time. Increases in lactate concentrations (before: 0.98±0.16, after: 14.10±1.66; mmol/L) were found postexercise. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found after the fifth set, and the values for movement capacity remained higher than the values of the first set, demonstrating high load in a single session. No differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during the sets were found. However, the ratings of perceived recuperation from the second set were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those from the first set. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise protocol used in this study was of high intensity and produced large values for stress during performance, with increases recorded for the internal load indicators.

Effects of additional external load manipulation on perceptual and physiological responses during exergame

This study tested whether performing exergames with and without additional external load could induce to different internal load demand for young adults. Methods: Fifteen young women (24.4 ± 4.06 years) participated in the study. Electromyography (EMG) activity, heart rate (HR) and overall and local rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined in "Just Dance" and "Ski" exergames without additional external load and with additional external load of 5% of body mass attached bilaterally to the ankles in "Just Dance" and using a weight vest in "Ski". Results: EMG, HR and overall RPE presented similar responses between loads in both exergames (p>.05). However, local RPE differentiate internal load only in "Just Dance", with higher values with additional load (with additional load: 11.2 ± 2.1 RPE; without additional load: 10.3 ± 1.4 RPE; p = .037). Conclusion: Therefore, performing exergames with an additional external load of 5% of young women body mass did not induce different internal load demand in "Just Dance" and "Ski" exergames compared to performing such games without external load. However, the greater local RPE in "Just Dance" exergame after adding the external load suggests that a higher amount of load (i.e., > 5% of body mass) to this population may generate different internal load demand.(AU)

Effect of combined training on ratings of perceived exertion and sensation of pleasure/displeasure in obese women / O efeito do treinamento combinado sobre a percepção subjetiva do esforço e sensação de prazer/desprazer em mulheres obesas

Abstract Self-selected intensities during walking and resistances training by obese subjects are below recommended guidelines to improve health-related outcomes. From this perspective, there is the possibility of combining both aerobic and resistance training in a single exercise session with the purpose of increasing training volume and optimizing physiological adaptations, while preserving positive affective responses. Until now, no study has assessed ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and sensations of pleasure/displeasure (SPD) during a combined training session in obese women. The present study aimed to: (1) assess RPE and SPD during a combined training session in obese women; and (2) compare RPE and SPD responses during different resistance training exercises. Twelve sedentary obese women (age: 39.2 ±11.1 years; height: 160.4 ± 5.9 cm; body mass: 87.4 ± 5.8 kg; BMI: 33.6 ±1.2 kg.m-2) performed a combined aerobic and resistance training session. RPE and SPD were recorded during the session. Data were analyzed with One-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc tests. The results revealed that, despite the increase in exercise volume, RPE responses were low and affective responses were positive. There were no significant differences in RPE and SPD values among resistance exercises. Combined aerobic and resistance training can be prescribed during the initial phase of a training program because it produces low perceived exertion and positive affective responses.

Resumo As intensidades autosselecionadas observadas tanto na caminhada como no treinamento resistido em obesos são inferiores as recomendações do ACSM, (2011) as quais, promovem melhora na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e força muscular. A partir disso, surge a hipótese de combinar os exercícios, aeróbio e resistido em uma única sessão com o intuito de aumentar o volume de treinamento otimizando os ajustes fisiológicos tentando preservar baixos níveis de percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) e sensações prazerosas (SPD) observadas nessa intensidade. Desta maneira, o presente estudo teve três objetivos: 1) verificar ao longo de uma sessão de treinamento combinado a PSE e a SPD em mulheres obesas; 2) analisar se ocorrerá alteração na PSE e SPD entre os diferentes exercícios resistidos; 3) investigar se existe correlação entre a PSE e SPD. Participaram doze mulheres obesas não praticantes de exercício físico com idades de 39.2±11.1 anos e IMC: 33.6±1.2 kg.m-2 as quais, foram submetidas a uma sessão de treinamento combinado com duração total de 60 minutos. Ao longo da sessão foram reportadas a PSE e SPD. Para analisar os dados foi utilizado uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas seguido de um Post Hock de Bonferroni. Os resultados demonstram que o volume aumentado produziu baixos valores de PSE (~3) e sensações prazerosas (~3) ao longo da sessão. Não foi encontrado diferença significativa da PSE e SPD entre os exercícios resistidos e foi evidenciada uma relação negativa moderada significativa (r= -0.624; p= 0.001 com 95% IC: -0.710; -0.280) entre a PSE e SPD. Sendo assim, o treinamento combinado pode ser prescrito para mulheres obesas, pois, produz baixa percepção de esforço e sensações prazerosas.

11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-II activity is affected by grapefruit juice and intense muscular work

ABSTRACT Objective The enzymatic activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11β-HSD2) is key to protecting mineral corticoid receptors from cortisol and has been implicated in blood pressure regulation. Grapefruit juice (GFJ) and acidity are thought to inhibit this enzyme in vitro. This study examines the effect of GFJ and intense exercise on 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity in vivo. Subjects and methods Eighteen subjects ingested GFJ or apple juice (CON) on separate days prior to reporting to the laboratory in a randomized order. Saliva (Sal) samples were obtained at baseline, 15 and 45 minutes post-treadmill stress test; Sal cortisone (E) and cortisol (F) levels were determined, and the Sal cortisone:cortisol (E:F) ratio was used as an index of 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity at rest and after intense muscular work. Results GFJ treatment decreased baseline 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity (44%) and Sal-E (28%) compared to CON (both, p < 0.05). Sal-E (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) and Sal-F (r = 0.66, p < 0.05) were correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in GFJ-treated individuals. Treadmill stress significantly increased Sal-E and Sal-F but did not alter 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity regardless of treatment. When treatments were examined separately, CON 11β-HSD2 enzyme activity decreased by 36% (p < 0.05) from baseline to 15 post-treadmill exercise. Conclusion Our findings suggest that GFJ and intense muscular work decrease 11β-HSD-2 activity independently, and no additive effect was noted. The association between DBP and the levels of Sal-F and Sal-E during the GFJ trial should be interpreted cautiously and warrants further investigation.